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91.
Modelling spatial variations in dissolved oxygen in fine‐grained streams under uncertainty 下载免费PDF全文
This paper presents a novel triple‐layer model, called VART DO‐3L, for simulation of spatial variations in dissolved oxygen (DO) in fine‐grained streams, characterized by a fluid mud (fluff or flocculent) layer (an advection‐dominated storage zone) as the interface between overlying stream water and relatively consolidated streambed sediment (a diffusion‐dominated storage zone). A global sensitivity analysis is conducted to investigate the sensitivity of VART DO‐3L model input parameters. Results of the sensitivity analysis indicate that the most sensitive parameter is the relative size of the advection‐dominated storage zones (As/A), followed by a lumped reaction term (R) for the flocculent layer, biological reaction rate (μo) in diffusive layer and biochemical oxygen demand concentration (L) in water column. In order to address uncertainty in model input parameters, Monte Carlo simulations are performed to sample parameter values and to produce various parameter combinations or cases. The VART DO‐3L model is applied to the Lower Amite River in Louisiana, USA, to simulate vertical and longitudinal variations in DO under the cases. In terms of longitudinal variation, the DO level decreases from 7.9 mg l at the Denham Springs station to about 2.89 mg l?1 at the Port Vincent station. In terms of vertical variation, the DO level drops rapidly from the overlying water column to the advection‐dominated storage zone and further to the diffusive layer. The DO level (CF) in the advective layer (flocculent layer) can reach as high as 40% of DO concentration (C) in the water column. The VART DO‐3L model may be applied to similar rivers for simulation of spatial variations in DO level. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
92.
Spatial information on soil properties is an important input to hydrological models. In current hydrological modelling practices, soil property information is often derived from soil category maps by the linking method in which a representative soil property value is linked to each soil polygon. Limited by the area‐class nature of soil category maps, the derived soil property variation is discontinuous and less detailed than high resolution digital terrain or remote sensing data. This research proposed dmSoil, a data‐mining‐based approach to derive continuous and spatially detailed soil property information from soil category maps. First, the soil–environment relationships are extracted through data mining of a soil map. The similarity of the soil at each location to different soil types in the soil map is then estimated using the mined relationships. Prediction of soil property values at each location is made by combining the similarities of the soil at that location to different soil types and the representative soil property values of these soil types. The new approach was applied in the Raffelson Watershed and Pleasant Valley in the Driftless Area of Wisconsin, United States to map soil A horizon texture (in both areas) and depth to soil C horizon (in Pleasant Valley). The property maps from the dmSoil approach capture the spatial gradation and details of soil properties better than those from the linking method. The new approach also shows consistent accuracy improvement at validation points. In addition to the improved performances, the inputs for the dmSoil approach are easy to prepare, and the approach itself is simple to deploy. It provides an effective way to derive better soil property information from soil category maps for hydrological modelling. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
93.
通过对克孜尔水库跨断层形变特征进行分析,结果显示:①垂直形变每年3~4月、10~11月分别为峰、谷值时间;水平形变每年6~7月、1月分别为峰、谷值时间.②垂直变形的峰-谷时间间隔在1997年之前多为5~8个月,1998年后多为1~3个月;谷-峰值时间间隔在1997年前多为4~7个月,1998年后多在8~11个月.水平形... 相似文献
94.
Different downstream variation patterns were observed for a range of bed sediment-borne metals (aqua regia-extractable fraction) in a subtropical stream system receiving acid mine drainage. Mine-originated Fe tended to be deposited in the acidic (mean pH < 4.9) upstream reach in forms of goethite and/or hematite. In contrast, other metals tended to be transported farther downstream and settled in a low-gradient reach with high pH (mean pH > 5.6). The peak of sediment-borne Al, Be, Ca, Cd, Co, Cu, La, Mn, Ni and Zn corresponded very well with the peak of the sediment-borne organic matter, suggesting a close association between the water-borne organic colloids and the inorganic metal oxides/hydroxides during their transport. The marked increase in the sediment-borne Al and Pb started more upstream than the other metals, suggesting that the water-borne Al and Pb were more susceptible to pH rise-induced precipitation, as compared to the other metals. It appeared that the organic colloids played no important role in Pb transport and settlement. The iron precipitates had a limited role to play in affecting the transport and fates of other metals since they were predominantly formed and deposited in the acidic reach, which made them incapable of scavenging cationic metals by co-precipitation or adsorption. 相似文献
95.
洞庭湖水沙变化分析及影响初探 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
水沙变化是洞庭湖演变和江湖关系调整的关键因子。综合运用数理统计、小波分析、Mann-Kendall法和累加过滤器等方法,分析1956~2008年洞庭湖入湖和出湖径流和输沙量的变化特征。结果表明:①洞庭湖入湖水量以湘、资、沅、澧四水入流为主,洞庭湖入湖泥沙以荆江三口分沙为主。四水年均入湖水量约占洞庭湖出湖总水量的59.2%;三口入湖沙量约占入湖总沙量的80.9%。②由于荆江裁弯、葛洲坝工程运用、三峡水库拦蓄以及长江上游的水土保持措施的影响,从三口河道进入洞庭湖的水沙呈现明显的衰减趋势,入湖水量所占比重已由荆江裁弯前的42.6%下降到了三峡水库运用初期的21.7%;入湖沙量所占比重已由荆江裁弯前的87.7%下降到了三峡水库运用初期的59.6%。③近50年洞庭湖的泥沙沉积总量达52.9×108t,但泥沙沉积比已由荆江裁弯前的73.3%下降到了三峡水库运用初期的34.0%,洞庭湖泥沙淤积的趋势明显减弱,有利于保持洞庭湖的调洪湖容,延长洞庭湖的寿命;但三峡水库运用初期,三口分流的衰减将加剧洞庭湖区西部地区枯水供水的紧张态势,并使水环境容量下降;同时城陵矶下游长江河道的淤积导致洞庭湖洪水位抬升。 相似文献
96.
YANG Can Sayed Hesammoddin KAZEMEINI FAN Wenfang Christopher JUHLIN LIU Dameng 《《地质学报》英文版》2011,85(5):1118-1126
An important component of any CO2 sequestration project is seismic monitoring for tracking changes in subsurface physical properties, such as velocity and density. Different reservoirs have different amplitude variation with offset (AVO) responses, which can define underground conditions. In the present paper we investigate walkaway vertical seismic profile (VSP) AVO response to CO2 injection at the Ketzin site, the first European onshore CO2 sequestration pilot study dealing with research on geological storage of CO2. First, we performed rock physics analysis to evaluate the effect of injected CO2 on seismic velocity using the Biot-Gassmann equation. On the basis of this model, the seismic response for different CO2 injection saturation was studied using ray tracing modeling. We then created synthetic walkaway VSP data, which we then processed. In contrast, synthetic seismic traces were created from borehole data. Finally, we found that the amplitude of CO2 injected sand layer with different gas saturations were increased with the offset when compared with the original brine target layer. This is the typical class III AVO anomaly for gas sand layer. The AVO responses matched the synthetic seismic traces very well. Therefore, walkaway VSP AVO response can monitor CO2 distribution in the Ketzin area. 相似文献
97.
98.
99.
Marco A. Lardies José Luis Muñoz Kurt A. Paschke Francisco Bozinovic 《Marine Ecology》2011,32(1):42-51
The colonisation of the terrestrial environment by crustaceans is more apparent in tropical latitudes because of the high diversity of semi‐terrestrial and terrestrial crabs. However, in temperate regions there are also great numbers of crustaceans that inhabit ecological niches at the water–air interface. Grapsidae crabs (Decopoda) are especially important in studies of water‐to‐land transition as the family contains species occupying the intertidal and adjacent regions. A way to evaluate the ability of intertidal invertebrates to breathe air is to measure the aerial/aquatic oxygen consumption ratio. The objective of this study was to test the effect of thermal variation on the aquatic and aerial metabolism. We selected as study model the decopoda crab Cyclograpsus cinereus Dana and utilised five populations of the species spread over 2000 km along the Chilean coast. To determine the compensation capacity in respiration with respect to latitude, we evaluated metabolic rate at the same temperature in a common garden design in the laboratory, to examine the extent to which variation in crab physiology is environmentally determined. Whereas in our study, mb (body mass) varied significantly with latitude, the difference in mass‐independent metabolism both in air and water persisted, indicating that observed differences in MR (Metabolic Rate) were not an effect of differences in body size. We demonstrated that C. cinereus is able to breath oxygen from air and water as expected for an amphibious crab. Almost all the studied populations of C. cinereus show a aerial/aquatic metabolism ratio near 1. The pattern found indicates an increase in metabolic rate, both aerial and aquatic, in low latitudes and therefore does not support the latitudinal compensation hypothesis for temperate habitats. Finally, these kinds of studies are required to make the necessary link between ecological physiology and macroecology and to help develop a global understanding of organismal function in marine systems. 相似文献
100.